Why Storage Matters

• Smooths renewable output
• Peak shaving for grids

Technologies

• Li-ion, LFP, flow batteries
• Pumped hydro, thermal storage

Use Cases

• Grid-scale storage
• Commercial & industrial backup
• Home batteries
• EVs-to-grid

Safety, Lifecycle, Recycling

• Fire risk, second-life batteries, recycling

Cost Curves & Degradation

Battery costs have dropped rapidly, but degradation and replacement planning are key.

Policy & Market Mechanisms

• Ancillary services
• Capacity markets

Case Studies

• Big battery projects (Australia, California)
• Microgrids in India

FAQs

• How long do batteries last? 5–15 years, depending on chemistry and use.
• Disposal? Recycle at end-of-life; new rules emerging.